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depend upon one's parents

  • 1 depend upon one's parents

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > depend upon one's parents

  • 2 depend upon one's parents

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > depend upon one's parents

  • 3 depend upon one's parents

    Новый англо-русский словарь > depend upon one's parents

  • 4 to depend upon one's parents

    atrasties vecāku apgādībā

    English-Latvian dictionary > to depend upon one's parents

  • 5 depend

    depend [dɪˊpend] v
    1) зави́сеть (on, upon - от)
    2) находи́ться на иждиве́нии;

    to depend upon one's parents находи́ться на иждиве́нии роди́телей

    3) полага́ться, рассчи́тывать;

    you may depend upon him мо́жете на него́ положи́ться

    ;

    depend upon it бу́дьте уве́рены

    ;

    I depend on you to do it я рассчи́тываю, что вы э́то сде́лаете

    4) находи́ться на рассмотре́нии (суда, парламента)

    it (all) depends как сказа́ть!, поживём — уви́дим

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > depend

  • 6 depend

    dɪˈpend гл.
    1) зависеть, находиться в зависимости (on, upon - от кого-л., чего-л.) to depend smb. for adviceзависеть от чьего-л. мнения, совета the value of Y depends on X ≈ значение функции Y зависит от значения переменной X Whether the game will be played depends on the weather. ≈ Игра состоится в зависимости от погоды. His decision will depend on how soon he meets the committee. ≈ Его решение зависит от того, как скоро он встретится с членами комитета.
    2) а) положиться( на кого-то ≈ on, upon), доверять (кому-то) depend upon it ≈ будьте уверены Syn: bank on, bet on
    2), build on
    2), calculate on, count on, figure on
    1), gamble on
    2), reckon on, rely
    1), trust in, wager on
    2) б) находиться на иждивении (on, upon - у кого-л.)
    3) находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента ∙ it (all) depends ≈ как сказать!, поживем увидим (on, upon) зависеть;
    обусловливаться - to * on /upon/ the size зависеть от размера - *ing on the situation в зависимости от обстоятельств, смотря по обстоятельствам - sciences * upon one another точные науки взаимосвязаны - prices * on supply and demand цены обусловливаются спросом и предложением - it *s on whether you are in a hurry or not это зависит от того, насколько вы спешите (on, upon) полагаться, рассчитывать, надеяться - to * upon what one can earn рассчитывать на свой собственный заработок - you may * upon him на него можно положиться, он не подведет - * upon it (that), you may * upon it (that) (разговорное) будьте уверены (что) ;
    я вам говорю /уверяю вас/ (что) - you can never * on what he says тому, что он говорит, совершенно нельзя доверять - you can never * on his being on time надо привыкнуть к тому, что он вечно опаздывает - you can * on him to help you вы можете твердо рассчитывать на его помощь (on, upon) получать помощь (от кого-л.) ;
    зависеть от (кого-л.), находиться на (чьем-л.) иждивении - to * upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей - to * on oneself самому зарабатывать на жизнь, ни от кого не зависеть - the country *s on imports from abroad страна живет (исключительно) за счет импорта - he *s on his pen for a living он зарабатывает себе на жизнь пером ждать, ожидать решения (о вопросе, деле) ;
    находиться на рассмотрении( суда или парламента) - the bills were still *ing решение по законопроектам все еще не было принято > it /that/ *s, it all *s как сказать;
    смотря по тому (как) depend зависеть (on, upon - от) ~ зависеть ~ находиться на иждивении;
    to depend upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей ~ находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента;
    it (all) depends как сказать!, поживем - увидим ~ полагаться, рассчитывать;
    you may depend upon him можете на него положиться;
    depend upon it будьте уверены;
    I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете ~ полагаться, рассчитывать;
    you may depend upon him можете на него положиться;
    depend upon it будьте уверены;
    I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете ~ находиться на иждивении;
    to depend upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей ~ полагаться, рассчитывать;
    you may depend upon him можете на него положиться;
    depend upon it будьте уверены;
    I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете ~ находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента;
    it (all) depends как сказать!, поживем - увидим ~ полагаться, рассчитывать;
    you may depend upon him можете на него положиться;
    depend upon it будьте уверены;
    I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > depend

  • 7 depend

    [dɪˈpend]
    depend зависеть (on, upon - от) depend зависеть depend находиться на иждивении; to depend upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей depend находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента; it (all) depends как сказать!, поживем - увидим depend полагаться, рассчитывать; you may depend upon him можете на него положиться; depend upon it будьте уверены; I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете depend полагаться, рассчитывать; you may depend upon him можете на него положиться; depend upon it будьте уверены; I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете depend находиться на иждивении; to depend upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей depend полагаться, рассчитывать; you may depend upon him можете на него положиться; depend upon it будьте уверены; I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете depend находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента; it (all) depends как сказать!, поживем - увидим depend полагаться, рассчитывать; you may depend upon him можете на него положиться; depend upon it будьте уверены; I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете

    English-Russian short dictionary > depend

  • 8 depend

    [dıʹpend] v
    1. (on, upon) зависеть; обусловливаться

    to depend on /upon/ the size [smb.'s conduct] - зависеть от размера [от чьего-л. поведения]

    depending on the situation - в зависимости от обстоятельств, смотря по обстоятельствам

    prices depend on supply and demand - цены обусловливаются спросом и предложением

    it depends on whether you are in a hurry or not - это зависит от того, насколько вы спешите

    2. (on, upon) полагаться, рассчитывать, надеяться

    to depend upon what one can earn - рассчитывать на свой собственный заработок

    you may depend upon him - на него можно положиться, он не подведёт

    depend upon it (that), you may depend upon it (that) - разг. будьте уверены (что); я вам говорю /уверяю вас/ (что)

    you can never depend on what he says - тому, что он говорит, совершенно нельзя доверять

    you can never depend on his being on time - надо привыкнуть к тому, что он вечно опаздывает

    you can depend on him to help you - вы можете твёрдо рассчитывать, на его помощь

    3. (on, upon) получать помощь от (кого-л.); зависеть от (кого-л.), находиться на (чьём-л.) иждивении

    to depend on oneself - самому зарабатывать на жизнь, ни от кого не зависеть

    the country depends on imports from abroad - страна живёт (исключительно) за счёт импорта

    4. ждать, ожидать решения (о вопросе, деле); находиться на рассмотрении ( суда или парламента)

    the bills were still depending - решение по законопроектам всё ещё не было принято

    it /that/ depends, it all depends - как сказать; смотря по тому (как)

    НБАРС > depend

  • 9 depend

    гл.
    1) общ. зависеть, находиться в зависимости (от кого-л., чего-л. — on, upon); обусловливаться

    to depend on [upon\] the size [smb.'s conduct\] — зависеть от размера [от чьего-л. поведения\]

    depending on the situation — в зависимости от обстоятельств, смотря по обстоятельствам

    to depend upon smb. for advice — зависеть от чьего-л. мнения, совета

    2)
    а) общ. полагаться, рассчитывать (на кого-л. — on, upon), доверять (кому-л.)
    б) юр., эк. находиться на иждивении (у кого-л. — on, upon); получать помощь от (кого-л.), зависеть от (чьей-л.) финансовой или иной поддержки
    See:

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > depend

  • 10 depend

    verb
    1) зависеть (on, upon от)
    2) находиться на иждивении; to depend upon one's parents находиться на иждивении родителей;
    3) полагаться, рассчитывать; you may depend upon him можете на него положиться; depend upon it будьте уверены; I depend on you to do it я рассчитываю, что вы это сделаете
    4) находиться на рассмотрении суда, парламента
    it (all) depends как сказать!, поживем увидим
    * * *
    (v) зависеть
    * * *
    зависеть, полагаться
    * * *
    [de·pend || dɪ'pend] v. зависеть, полагаться, рассчитывать, находиться на иждивении, находиться на рассмотрении
    * * *
    зависеть
    полагаться
    рассчитывать
    * * *
    1) зависеть, находиться в зависимости 2) а) положиться (на кого-то - on, upon), доверять (кому-то) б) находиться на иждивении (у кого-л. - on, upon) 3) находиться на рассмотрении суда

    Новый англо-русский словарь > depend

  • 11 depend

    v
    1) (on, upon) залежати (від когось, чогось); зумовлюватися (чимсь)
    2) покладатися, розраховувати, надіятися (на — on, upon)
    3) (on, upon) одержувати допомогу (від когось); залежати (від когось); перебувати на утриманні (когось)
    4) очікувати рішення; перебувати на розгляді (суду тощо)
    5) звисати, висіти

    it depends..., it all depends... — залежно від того, як; дивлячись як

    * * *
    v
    1) (on, upon) залежати; обумовлюватися
    2) (on, upon) покладатися, розраховувати, сподіватися
    3) (on, upon) отримувати допомогу від ( кого-небудь); залежати від ( кого-небудь), знаходитися на ( чиєму-небудь) утриманні
    4) чекати, очікувати рішення (про питання, справу); знаходитися на розгляді ( суду або парламенту)

    English-Ukrainian dictionary > depend

  • 12 depend

    залежати ( від когось або чогось), обумовлюватися; перебувати на розгляді (суду, парламенту); перебувати на утриманні; покладатися, розраховувати
    - depend upon one's parents

    English-Ukrainian law dictionary > depend

  • 13 depend

    1. I
    it depends все зависит от обстоятельств
    2. XI
    be depended upon she can be depended upon на нее можно рассчитывать, она не подведет; be depended at some time he can never be depended upon на него совсем нельзя положиться
    3. XVI
    1) depend (up)on smth., smb. depend on the railway timetable (on that rope, on one's own efforts, on smb.'s help, on her brother, etc.) рассчитывать /полагаться, надеяться/ на железнодорожное расписание и т. д.: I depended on the map but it was wrong я полагался на карту, а она оказалась неправильной; depend upon my word поверьте моему слову; depend upon it будьте уверены. можете не сомневаться
    2) depend (up)on smth., smb. depend on the price (on her answer, (up)on the number of travellers, on his courage, on the state of one's mind (up)on one's health, on the weather, on your mother, etc.) зависеть от цены и т. д.; the value of a book does not depend on its size ценность книги не определяется ее объемом
    3) depend on smb., smth. depend on one's parents (on one's relatives, etc.) находиться на иждивении родителей и т. д.; depend on charity пользоваться благотворительностью, жить за счет благотворительности; рассчитывать на вспомоществование; I have no one to depend on but myself мне не на кого рассчитывать, кроме как на самого себя, я могу рассчитывать только на самого себя; depend (up)on smb. to do smth. depend (up)on him to do the job (to come early, to be in time, etc.) рассчитывать /надеяться/, что он сделает эту работу и т. д.; I depend upon him to help you я рассчитываю /надеюсь/, что он вам поможет; depend on smth., smb. for smth. depend on one's pen (on one's piano, on one's sewing, on one's wits, etc.) for a living зарабатывать на жизнь пером и т. д.; I depend on newspapers for information я получаю информацию только из газет; I depend on him for entertainment я рассчитываю, что он организует развлечения /возьмет развлечения на себя/
    4. XVII
    depend (up)on smb.'s doing smth.
    1) depend on his coming (on her being there, on his doing the right thing on their helping us to finish the work, etc.) рассчитывать /полагаться/ на то, что он придёт в т. д.
    2) depend on his coming (on their helping us, on her giving the right answer, etc.) зависеть от того. придет он или нет /от его прихода/ и т. д.
    5. XXVII1
    depend on what... you may depend on what he says может! полагаться на то /верить тому/, что он говорит

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > depend

  • 14 depend

    intransitive verb
    1)

    depend [up]on — abhängen von

    it [all] depends on whether/what/how... — das hängt [ganz] davon ab od. kommt ganz darauf an, ob/was/wie...

    that dependses kommt darauf an

    depending on how... — je nachdem, wie...

    2) (rely, trust)

    depend [up]on — sich verlassen auf (+ Akk.); (have to rely on) angewiesen sein auf (+ Akk.)

    * * *
    [di'pend]
    1) (to rely on: You can't depend on his arriving on time.) sich verlassen auf
    2) (to rely on receiving necessary (financial) support from: The school depends for its survival on money from the Church.) abhängen von
    3) ((of a future happening etc) to be decided by: Our success depends on everyone working hard.) abhängen von
    - academic.ru/19651/dependable">dependable
    - dependant
    - dependent
    - it/that depends
    - it all depends
    * * *
    de·pend
    [dɪˈpend]
    vi
    1. (rely on circumstance)
    to \depend on sth von etw dat abhängen
    can you lend me some money?that \depends — how much? kannst du mir Geld leihen? — kommt darauf anwie viel?
    the company's success \depends on getting that new account der Erfolg der Firma hängt davon ab, ob sie diesen neuen Kunden bekommt
    that \depends on the weather das hängt vom Wetter ab
    \depending on... je nachdem,...
    \depending on the weather je nachdem, wie das Wetter ist, je nach Wetterlage
    2. (get help from)
    to \depend on sb/sth von jdm/etw abhängig sein
    to \depend heavily on sb dringend auf jdn angewiesen sein
    to \depend on sb/sth for one's livelihood finanziell auf jdn/etw angewiesen sein
    to \depend [up]on sb/sth sich akk auf jdn/etw verlassen; ( hum)
    you can \depend on her to be late sie kommt immer zu spät!
    * * *
    [dɪ'pend]
    vi
    1) (= be determined by) abhängen (on sb/sth von jdm/etw)

    the price depends on the quantity you buy — der Preis hängt von der Menge ab, die Sie kaufen

    how long are you staying? – it depends — wie lange bleiben Sie? – das kommt darauf an

    it all depends on... — das kommt ganz auf... an

    depending on how late we arrive — je nachdem, wie spät wir ankommen

    2) (= rely) sich verlassen (on, upon auf +acc)

    you may depend ( up)on his coming — Sie können sich darauf verlassen, dass er kommt

    you can depend ( up)on it! —

    you can depend (up)on it that he'll forget — du kannst dich darauf verlassen, dass er es vergisst

    3)

    (person = be dependent on) to depend on — abhängig sein von, angewiesen sein auf (+acc)

    they have to depend on the grandparents for childcare — sie sind darauf angewiesen, dass die Großeltern sich um die Kinder kümmern

    * * *
    depend [dıˈpend] v/i
    1. sich verlassen (on, upon auf akk):
    you may depend on it (on him) Sie können sich darauf (auf ihn) verlassen;
    depend on sb to do sth sich darauf verlassen, dass jemand etwas tut
    2. (on, upon) abhängen, abhängig sein (von):
    a) angewiesen sein (auf akk):
    b) ankommen (auf akk):
    it depends on his permission es hängt von seiner Erlaubnis ab;
    it depends on the circumstances es kommt auf die Umstände an, es hängt von den Umständen ab;
    that depends das kommt darauf an, je nachdem;
    depending on the quantity used je nach (der verwendeten) Menge;
    depending on whether je nachdem, ob
    3. untergeordnet sein (on, upon dat)
    4. besonders JUR schweben, in der Schwebe oder noch unentschieden oder anhängig sein
    5. herabhängen ( from von)
    * * *
    intransitive verb
    1)

    depend [up]on — abhängen von

    it [all] depends on whether/what/how... — das hängt [ganz] davon ab od. kommt ganz darauf an, ob/was/wie...

    depending on how... — je nachdem, wie...

    2) (rely, trust)

    depend [up]on — sich verlassen auf (+ Akk.); (have to rely on) angewiesen sein auf (+ Akk.)

    * * *
    (on) v.
    abhängen (von) v.
    sich verlassen (auf) v.

    English-german dictionary > depend

  • 15 on

    ɔn
    1. предл.
    1) а) в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности какого-л. предмета, на чем-л. на a house on the hill ≈ дом на холме б) в геогр. названиях указывает на нахождение на такой-то реке Stratford-on-AvonСтратфорд-на-Эйвоне в) указывает на части света на on the westна западе г) указывает местонахождение, местоположение на, у, около on the Continent ≈ на материке д) в пространственном значении указывает на передвижения по поверхности чего-л. по on the water ≈ по воде, по поыерхности воды е) указывает направление действия на The window opens on the street. ≈ Окно выходит на улицу.
    2) а) во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в on Sunday ≈ в воскресенье on the 1st of April ≈ первого апреля б) указывает на определенный момент дня on the morningутром в) указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления событий, действий по, после cash on deliveryоплата при доставке on reaching home ≈ придя домой г) указываект на одновременность событий, действий во время, в течение on a trip ≈ в течение путешествия
    3) указывает на тему книги, выступления, предмет переговоров, споров и т.п. касательно, о, об, относительно, по, по поводу a debate on smth. ≈ споры по поводу чего-л.
    4) указывает на наличие при себе, с собой чего-л. I have no money on me. ≈ У меня с собой нет денег.
    5) указывает на условие или же основание, причину, источник чего-л. на, в, при, под, с, из, по, у on such terms ≈ на таких условиях on account ofиз-за, вследствие profit on the sale ofдоход с продаж чего-л.
    6) а) указывает на образ действия all on a trembleвесь в волнении б) указывает на способ передвижения в, на on a trainпоездом в) указывет на инструмент, орудие to cut one's finger on a knife ≈ порезать палец ножом г) указывает на средства существования to live on one's parents'быть на иждивении родителей д) указывает на предметы питания to live on fruitsпитаться фруктами
    7) а) указывает на работу в каком-л. учреждении to be on the committeeбыть членом комитета б) указывает на нахождение в составе, числе в on the programme ≈ в программе в) указывает на пребывание в каком-л. состоянии, а также на положение, протекание процесса на, в, при on leaveв отпуске to be on fireпылать, быть в огне г) указывает на характер отношений в, на to be on a friendly footing with smb. ≈ быфть в дружеских отношениях с кем-л.
    8) указывает на объект действия к, на, над, для to work on smth. ≈ работать над чем-л.
    9) указывает на многократное повторение mile on mile ≈ миля за милей
    10) указывает на приблизительность, неточность just on 5 years ago ≈ около пяти лет назад
    11) указывает лицо, на которое выписан чек, куплены или заказаны билеты tickets on you ≈ билеты на вас
    2. нареч.
    1) а) указывает на продолжение или развитие действия to write on ≈ продолжать писать, писать дальше б) указывает на продвижение вперед в пространстве to go on ≈ идти вперед, идти дальше в) указывает на направление на, к to head onдержать курс (на) г) указывает на продвижение вперед во времени Time glides on. ≈ Время бежит.
    2) указывает нахождение на поверхности чего-л. Tea is on. ≈ Чай на столе, чай готов, чай подан.
    3) экон. указывает на увеличение, рост выше The new price is 5 points on. ≈ Цена на 5 пунктов выше.
    4) (указывает на надевание одежды, натягивание чехла и т.п., а также наличие какой-л. одежды на ком-л.;
    при переводе может передаваться глагольными приставками) What has she on? ≈ Что на ней надето?
    5) указывает на включение, соединение, включенность или работу аппарата, механизма;
    при переводе может передаваться глагольными приставками to turn on the gas ≈ включить газ
    6) а) указывает на наступление действия, процесса The rain is on again. ≈ Опять идет дождь. б) указывает на идущие в театре или кино пьесы, фильмы What is on today? ≈ Что идет сегодня в театре?
    7) а) указывает на отправную точку или момент from that day on ≈ с того дня, начиная с того дня б) указывает на приближение к какому-л. моменту It is getting on for two o'clock. ≈ Скоро два часа. ∙ be on to smb. on and off off and on and so on
    3. прил.
    1) действующий, работающий Is the radio on? ≈ Радио работает?
    2) а) происходящий, имеющий место Don't you know there's a war on? ≈ Ты что не знаешь, что идет война? б) находящийся в эфире The radio announcer told us we were on. ≈ Диктор сказал нам, что мы уже в эфире.
    3) а) эффективный;
    действующий в полную силу б) оживленный, возбужденный
    4) запланированный, предусмотренный( графиком, расписанием и т. п.) Anything on tonight? ≈ Что-нибудь на сегодня запланировано? Syn: scheduled, planned ближний, внутренний;
    - the on side более близкая сторона( спортивное) часть поля, на который стоит игрок с битой;
    - on drive удар в сторону, на которой находится игрок с битой (разговорное) эффективный;
    действующий;
    имеющий силу;
    - it was one of his on days он был в хорошей форме в тот день осведомленный, знающий;
    - he is the most on person here он здесь самый информированный человек, он знает все и вся подходящий;
    приличный;
    - it's a most on situation это очень подходящий случай вполне возможный, достижимый;
    легкий указывает на нахождение на поверхности чего-л;
    - tea is on чай подан указывает на движение на поверхности чего-л: - put the kettle on поставь чайник;
    - he climbed * the wall он взобрался на стену указывает на продолжение действия;
    - to work on продолжать работать;
    - she sang on она все пела;
    - go on reading читайте дальше;
    - the war still went on война все шла указывает на продвижение вперед - в пространственном и временном значении вперед;
    - go on! идите вперед;
    - on, John, on! вперед, Джон, вперед;
    - he sent the luggage on багаж он отправил вперед;
    - time is getting оn время идет указывает на приближение к какому-л моменту - to be well on in years быть в годах;
    - it is getting on fox six o'clock скоро будет шесть;
    - he is going on for five ему скоро исполнится пять указывает на удаление - в пространственном и временном значении;
    - further on дальше;
    - later on позднее, позже;
    - from... on начиная с;
    - from now on начиная с сегодняшнего дня указывает на наличие или наступление действия или процесса;
    - the game is on игра идет;
    - the play was on for monts пьеса много месяцев не сходила со сцены;
    - what is on today? что идет сегодня?;
    - he is on as Macbeth tonight он играет роль Макбета сегодня;
    - on with the show! начинайте представление;
    спектакль надо продолжать;
    - the rain is on again опять идет дождь;
    - a terrible row was on творилось что-то невообразимое;
    - have you anything on this evening? вы заняты сегодня вечером?;
    указывает на включенность или работу механизма, прибора, системы - часто передается глагольными приставками в-, за-;
    - to turn on the tap открывать кран;
    - the machine was on машина работала;
    - the radio is on радио включено;
    - to switch on the gas включить газ;
    - the light is full on свет горит всюду указывает на надевание одежды или наличие ее на ком-л, на натягивание чехла в, на;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками;
    - to have one's hat on быть в шляпе;
    - what had he on? что на нем было? - he had his spectacles on он был в очках;
    - put on your coat надень пальто;
    - put the tablecloth on постели скатерть;
    - try these shoes on померь эти туфли нанесение чего-л на поверхность предмета в, на;
    передается тж. глагольными приставками;
    - rub the ointment on вотрите эту мазь указывает на направление на, к;
    - to head on (морское) держать курс;
    - stern on( морское) кормой к (ветру) (коммерческое) указывает на увеличение выше;
    - the price is 3 points on цена выше на три пункта > and so on и так далее;
    > on and off от случая к случаю, время от времени;
    > on and on бесконечно, не переставая;
    > they talked on and on for hours они болтали часами;
    > to be on заключать пари;
    быть навеселе;
    > he is a little bit on он слегка навеселе;
    > to be on быть за (что-л) ;
    > I'm on я - за (это) ;
    > to be on to smb. раскусить кого-л;
    (по) говорить с кем-л;
    нападать( на чей-л след) ;
    придираться к кому-л. > they were on to him at once они сразу его раскусили;
    > he's been on to me about this matter он поговорил со мной по поводу этого дела > the police are on to him полиция напала на его след;
    > he is always on to me он всегда ко мне придирается;
    > to get on to smb. добраться до кого-л;
    застать кого-л.;
    > he got on to me only yesterday он добрался до меня только вчера;
    > I got on to him on the phone я застал его по телефону;
    > to be on to smth. узнать, догадаться о чем-л;
    понять что-л;
    > he was on to it al last наконец он это понял;
    > it's not on! это невозможно!;
    не получилось!;
    не вышло!;
    > you can't refuse now, it's just not on вы не можете сейчас отказаться - это просто невозможно;
    > hold on! держись!;
    > come on! ну давай! в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на чем-л или на поверхности чего-л на;
    - a city on the hill город на холме;
    - a picture on the wall картина на стене;
    - a painting on glass рисунок на стекле;
    - on the surface of the water на поверхности воды;
    - on page four на четвертой странице;
    - a ring on the finger кольцо на пальце;
    - shoes on his feet ботинки у него на ногах;
    - the look on his face выражение его лица;
    - there was deep snow on the ground земля была покрыта толстым слоем снега в пространственном значении указывает на движение по поверхности по;
    - logs floating on the water бревна, плывущие по воде;
    - a fly walked on the ceiling муха ползала по потолку в пространственном значении указывает на направленность или место приложения действия на, в;
    - to kiss smb. on the lips поцеловать кого-л в губы;
    - to pat smb. on the hand погладить кого-л по руке;
    - to knock on the door постучать в дверь;
    - to head on the south держать курс на юг;
    - the window opens on the street окно выходит на улицу;
    - to turn one's back on smb. повернуться к кому-л спиной;
    не желать иметь дела с кем-л;
    местонахождение или положение около или на границе чего-л на;
    у, около;
    - on the Continent на материке;
    - on the horizon на горизонте;
    - on the street (американизм) на улице;
    - a cottage on a lake домик у озера;
    - to border on smth. граничить с чем-л;
    - on the right справа;
    - on the right side of the road по правую сторону дороги;
    нахождение на такой-то реке на;
    - Burton-on-Trent Бертон-на-Тренте;
    - Stratford-on-Avon Стратфорд-на-Эйвоне части света на;
    - on the east на востоке во временном значении указывает на какой-л день, момент времени в, на;
    - on Monday в понедельник;
    - on Tuesday week через неделю во вторник, в следующий вторник;
    - on the next day на следующий день;
    - on any day в любой день;
    - on the day of my arrival в день моего приезда;
    - on time( американизм) точно, вовремя;
    - on the instant тотчас же;
    - on the point of как раз;
    - we were on the point of leaving when he came мы как раз собирались уходить, когда он пришел во временном значении указывает на дату - передается род падежом;
    - on the 1st of May первого мая;
    во временном значении указывает на часть дня в;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - on the morning of the 3rd March утром третьего марта;
    - on a rainy autumn evening в дождливый осенний вечер, дождливым осенним вечером во временном значении указывает на последовательность событий после, по;
    с герундием передается тж. деепричастием;
    - on the death of his friend после смерти его друга;
    - cash on delivery с уплатой при доставке;
    наложенным платежом;
    во временном значении указывает на одновременность событий во время;
    по;
    - on a trip во время поездки;
    - on his rounds во время его обхода;
    - on his full age по достижении им совершеннолетия указывает на наличие чего-л (при себе) - I have no money on me у меня при себе нет денег, у меня нет денег с собой;
    - a pistol was found on him у него нашли пистолет;
    - she has two babies on her arm у нее двое малышей;
    она с двумя маленькими детьми указывает на предмет преговоров, спора, тему книги, лекции о, относительно, по( поводу), на;
    - a decision on smth. решение по поводу чего-л;
    - a book on birds книга о птицах;
    - a satire on society сатира на общество;
    - a lecture on history лекции по истории;
    - to write on smth писать о чем-л указывает на условие на, при, в, под;
    - on certain conditions на определенных условиях;
    - on the condition that при условии, что;
    - on such terms на таких условиях;
    - on credit в кредит;
    - on one's own responsibility под свою личную ответственность;
    - to borrow money on mortgage занимать деньги под закладную указывает на основание, причину на, из, по, с, в;
    передается тж. твор падежом;
    - on account of вследствие, из-за, - on no accound ни в коем случае;
    - on smb.'s advice по чьему-л совету;
    - on a charge of smth. по обвинению в чем-л;
    - on evidence по данным;
    - on that ground... на том основании, что...;
    - on an impulse в порыве, повинуясь порыву;
    - on the occasion of smth. по случаю чего-л;
    - on an order по приказу, на основании приказа;
    - on principle из принципа;
    - on purpose с целью, специально;
    - to pride oneself on smth. гордиться чем-л. указывает на источник из, по;
    - on hearsay по слухам;
    - to have smth. on good authority знать что-л из достоверных источников указывает на источник дохода, предмет обложения налогом с, на;
    - interest on one's capital процент с капитала;
    - tax on tobacco налог на табак указывает на образ действия - передается тж. наречием;
    - on the cheap по дешевке;
    - on the quiet потихоньку, тайком;
    - on the sly тайком;
    - all on a tremble весь дрожа, в сильном волнении указывает на способ передачи по;
    - on the telephone по телефону;
    - on television по телевидению;
    - to hear a song on the radio услышать песню по радио указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    вместе с сущ передается тж. наречием;
    - on an ocean liner на океанском лайнере;
    - on board a ship на борту судна;
    - on a truck на грузовике;
    - on a train в поезде, поездом;
    указывает на опору и т. п. на;
    - on one's feet на ногах;
    - on one's knees на коленях;
    - to spin on one's heel повернуться на каблуках указывает на инструмент, орудие на;
    передается тж. твор падежом;
    - to play on an organ играть на органе;
    - he played something on the violin он сыграл что-то на скрипке;
    - to cut one's finger on a knife порезать палец ножом;
    - to dry one's hands on a towel вытереть руки полотенцем;
    - to count smth. on one's fingers пересчитать что-л по пальцам;
    - to take a dog on a lead вести собаку на поводке указывает на топливо и т. п. на;
    - the machine works on oil машина работает на мазуте указывает на сферу деятельности, работу в каком-л учреждении, в комиссии и т. п. на, в;
    - he was a broker on the exchange он был биржевым маклером;
    - to be on the committee быть членом комитета;
    - to be on the staff быть в штате;
    - to work on a paper работать в газете;
    указывает на нахождение в составе, числе и т. п. в;
    - to be on the list быть в списке;
    - on the programme в программе;
    указывает на пребывание в каком-л состоянии, положении или на протекание процесса на, в, при;
    - on leave в отпуске;
    - on sick-leave на бюллетене;
    - on half-pay на половинном окладе;
    - on trial на испытании;
    - on one's trial под следствием;
    - to be on a trip путешествовать;
    - to be on fire быть в огне, пылать;
    - I'm back on pills я снова сел на лекарства занятость чем-л в данное время на, по, в;
    - on business по делу;
    в командировке;
    - to send smb. on an errand послать кого-л с поручением;
    - on duty при исполнении служебных обязанностей;
    на дежурстве указывает на характер отношений в, на;
    - on good terms в хороших отношениях;
    - not to be on speaking terms with smb. не разговаривать с кем-л указывает на средства существования на;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - to live on one's earnings жить на свой заработок указывает на предметы питания на;
    передается тж. твор. падежом;
    - to live on vegetables питаться овощами указывает на предмет расходов, траты и т. п. на;
    - to spend money on smth. тратить деньги на что-л;
    - to put money on a horse ставить на лошадь указывает на объект действия к, на, над, для;
    передается тж. дат. и род. падежами;
    - to work on smth. работать над чем-л;
    - to be fair on smb. быть справедливым к кому-л;
    - pity on smb. жалость к кому-л;
    - to confer a degree on smb. присвоить кому-л ученую. степень;
    - to confer a reward on smb. наградить кого-л;
    - to impose a fine on smb. наложить штраф на кого-л;
    - hand work told on him тяжелая работа сказалась на нем;
    - he was operated on ему сделали операцию;
    - I am on a new novel я работаю над новым романом указывает на лицо или учреждение, на которое выписан чек, куплены или заказаны билеты на;
    - a check on a bank чек на банк;
    - two-way tickets on you and the whole team билеты туда и обратно на вас и всю команду указывает на лицо, испытывающее неприятность, боль;
    - she locked the door on him она заперлась от него;
    - don't hand up on me не вздумай повесить трубку;
    - don't die on me, please! смотри, не умирай;
    не вздумай у меня умереть! употребляется после глаголов со значением полагаться, основываться, влиять и т. п. на, от;
    - to rely on smb, smth. полагаться на кого-л, что-л;
    - to depend on smb., smth. зависеть от кого-л, чего-л употребляется после прилагательных и причастий прошедшего времени, указывая на направленность интересов на что-л, склонность к чему-л, решимость - часто передается твор. падежом;
    - to be keen on music страстно увлекаться музыкой;
    - he was bent on making money он поставил себе целью разбогатеть указывает на неоднократное повторение за;
    - mile on mile миля за пилей;
    - loss on loss потеря за потерей, одна потеря за другой указывает на приблизительность, неточность почти, около;
    - just on a year ago так около года назад;
    - just on 5 почти пять фунтов( устаревшее) указывает на переход в какое-л состояние;
    - to fall on sleep заснуть в сочетаниях;
    - on the contrary наоборот;
    - on an average в среднем;
    - on the whole в общем;
    - on the one hand с одной стороны;
    - on the spot сразу;
    - they hired him on the spot они сразу же наняли его на работу;
    - it put me on the spot (разговорное) это поставило меня в неприятное положение;
    - on behalf of от лица, от имени;
    - on behalf of the company от имени компании;
    - on smb's part с чьей-л стороны;
    - from then on you will be on your own с этого момента ты будешь предоставлен сам себе;
    - on my word of honour честное слово;
    - to have smth. on smb. (американизм) иметь преимущество перед кем-л;
    (разговорное) иметь что-л против кого-д;
    - I have nothing on him я ничего против него не имею;
    у меня нет на него компрометирующего материала;
    - to drop in on smb. (разговорное) заходить к кому-л;
    - to be on smb. (разговорное) подойти вплотную к кому-л;
    - you can't see him until you're on him вы не увидите его, пока не подойдете к нему вплотную;
    - this is on me за это плачу я;
    - to take is out on smb. сваливать на кого-л;
    - don't take it out on me, it's not my fault не сваливайте на меня, я не виноват ~ and off (или off and ~) время от времени, иногда;
    and so on и так далее so: ~ to say так сказать;
    and so on, and so forth и так далее, и тому подобное my opinion ~ that question мое мнение по этому вопросу;
    a book on phonetics книга по фонетике ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на направление на;
    the boy threw the ball on the floor мальчик бросил мяч на пол bring pressure to bear ~ заставлять двигаться в заданном направлении build ~ основываться to buy (smth.) ~ the cheap разг. купить по дешевке;
    to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей confer a right ~ давать право count ~ рассчитывать ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности (какого-л.) предмета на;
    the cup is on the table чашка на столе default ~ не выполнять договор default ~ не выполнять обязательство default ~ не являться по вызову суда depend ~ зависеть от depend ~ надеяться на depend ~ находиться на иждивении depend ~ полагаться на depend ~ получать помощь от depend ~ рассчитывать на devolve ~ передавать полномочия ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере drawing ~ использование drawing ~ получение drawing ~ расходование elaborate ~ конкретизировать embark ~ начинать дело enlarge ~ вдаваться в подробности enlarge ~ распространяться exert influence ~ оказывать влияние на ~ указывает на отправную точку или момент: from this day on с этого дня I heard it ~ some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке;
    he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга the picture hangs ~ the wall картина висит на стене;
    he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке ~ указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к;
    he is getting on in years он стареет;
    he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать ~ указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к;
    he is getting on in years он стареет;
    he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать ~ prep указывает на направление действия;
    передается дат. падежом: he turned his back on them он повернулся к ним спиной ~ prep указывает на цель, объект действия по, на;
    he went on business он отправился по делу the town lies ~ lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган;
    a house on the river дом у реки a joke ~ me шутка на мой счет;
    I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом I heard it ~ some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке;
    he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга impress ~ производить впечатление imprint ~ ставить печать interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ prep указывает на основание, причину, источник из, на, в, по, у;
    it is all clear on the evidence все ясно из показаний it is ~ for ten o'clock время приближается к десяти (часам) ~ разг. удачный, хороший;
    it is one of my on days я сегодня в хорошей форме a joke ~ me шутка на мой счет;
    I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом ~ указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!;
    the light is on свет горит, включен ~ prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.) ;
    to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю;
    she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях to buy (smth.) ~ the cheap разг. купить по дешевке;
    to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей ~ указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет";
    what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? maturing ~ выход в тираж maturing ~ наступление срока долгового обязательства maturing ~ наступление срока платежа maturing ~ наступление срока погашения my opinion ~ that question мое мнение по этому вопросу;
    a book on phonetics книга по фонетике neighbour ~ граничить ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    on a truck на грузовике;
    on a train в поезде ~ prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на;
    on a truck на грузовике;
    on a train в поезде ~ and off (или off and ~) время от времени, иногда;
    and so on и так далее ~ указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед;
    to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее;
    on and on не останавливаясь ~ prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в;
    on Tuesday во вторник;
    on another day в другой день ~ the 5th of December 5-го декабря;
    on Christmas eve в канун рождества ~ errand на посылках ~ errand по поручению ~ examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет;
    payable on demand оплата по требованию ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже ~ good authority из достоверного источника;
    on that ground на этом основании interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ prep во временном значении указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления действий по, после;
    on my return I met many friends по возвращении я встретил много друзей ~ prep во временном значении указывает на одновременность действий во время, в течение;
    on my way home по пути домой ~ prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на;
    on fire в огне;
    the dog is on the chain собака на цепи;
    on sale в продаже sale: on ~ в продаже ~ good authority из достоверного источника;
    on that ground на этом основании ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission( delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ prep в (составе, числе) ;
    on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации) ;
    on the jury в числе присяжных;
    on the list в списке ~ the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря;
    on time вовремя the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере the door opens ~ a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку;
    on the right направо;
    on the North на севере right: ~ правая сторона;
    on the right справа (где) ;
    to the right направо (куда) ~ the 5th of December 5-го декабря;
    on Christmas eve в канун рождества ~ the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря;
    on time вовремя time: to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда ~ prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в;
    on Tuesday во вторник;
    on another day в другой день pass ~ передавать pass ~ переходить к другому вопросу pass: ~ on выносить( решение) ~ on передавать дальше ~ on переходить( к другому вопросу и т. п.) ~ on проходить дальше;
    pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! ~ on проходить дальше;
    pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! ~ on умереть passing ~ передача passing ~ переход к другому вопросу the picture hangs ~ the wall картина висит на стене;
    he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке put ~ включать put ~ запускать put ~ прибавлять put ~ приводить в действие put ~ увеличивать put: ~ on надевать ~ on принимать вид;
    напускать на себя reckon ~ полагаться reckon ~ рассчитывать reflect ~ бросать тень reflect ~ быть во вред reflect ~ вызывать сомнения reflect: ~ размышлять, раздумывать (on, upon) ;
    reflect on, reflect upon бросать тень;
    подвергать сомнению rely ~ быть уверенным rely ~ доверять rely ~ надеяться rely ~ опираться rely ~ основываться rely ~ полагаться rely ~ рассчитывать secured ~ гарантированный secured ~ обеспеченный send ~ отправлять send ~ отсылать ~ указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед;
    to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее;
    on and on не останавливаясь sending ~ отправление ~ prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.) ;
    to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю;
    she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях she had a green hat ~ на ней была зеленая шляпа she smiled ~ me она мне улыбнулась sign ~ нанимать на работу sign: ~ on вчт. войти ~ on вчт. входить ~ on радио дать знак начала передачи;
    sign up = sign on ~ on радио дать знак начала передачи;
    sign up = sign on ~ on нанимать(ся) на работу signing ~ возвращение на работу signing ~ прием на работу sit ~ заседать sit: ~ on быть членом (комиссии) ~ on разг. осадить;
    выбранить ~ on разбирать (дело) ~ up разг. (внезапно) заинтересоваться (тж. sit up and take notice) ;
    to make (smb.) sit up расшевелить, встряхнуть( кого-л.) ;
    sit upon = sit on stake ~ делать ставку take ~ браться за дело take ~ нанимать на службу take: ~ on брать( работу) ;
    браться (за дело и т. п.) ~ on важничать, задирать нос ~ on иметь успех, становиться популярным ~ on воен. открыть огонь ~ on полнеть ~ on принимать на службу ~ on разг. сильно волноваться, огорчаться, расстраиваться taken ~ нанятый taken ~ приглашенный на работу interest ~ capital процент на капитал;
    tax on imports налог на импорт;
    on high вверху, на высоте ~ указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти;
    go on! продолжай(те) !;
    there is a war on идет война they rose ~ their enemies они поднялись на своих врагов the town lies ~ lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган;
    a house on the river дом у реки trade ~ извлекать выгоду trade ~ использовать в личных целях ~ указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!;
    the light is on свет горит, включен verge ~ граничить с verge: ~ клониться, приближаться (to, towards - к чему-л.) ;
    verge on, verge upon граничить (с чем-л.) ;
    it verges on madness это граничит с безумием ~ указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти;
    go on! продолжай(те) !;
    there is a war on идет война walk: ~ on театр. играть роль без слов ~ on идти вперед ~ on продолжать ходьбу ~ prep о, об, относительно, касательно, по;
    we talked on many subjects мы говорили о многом on указывает на наличие (какой-л.) одежды (на ком-л.): what had he on? во что он был одет? ~ указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет";
    what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? work ~ продолжать упорно работать work: ~ on = work upon ~ on продолжать работать

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > on

  • 16 on

    [ɔn]
    on and off (или off and on) время от времени, иногда; and so on и так далее so: on to say так сказать; and so on, and so forth и так далее, и тому подобное my opinion on that question мое мнение по этому вопросу; a book on phonetics книга по фонетике on prep в пространственном значении указывает на направление на; the boy threw the ball on the floor мальчик бросил мяч на пол bring pressure to bear on заставлять двигаться в заданном направлении build on основываться to buy (smth.) on the cheap разг. купить по дешевке; to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей confer a right on давать право count on рассчитывать on prep в пространственном значении указывает на нахождение на поверхности (какого-л.) предмета на; the cup is on the table чашка на столе default on не выполнять договор default on не выполнять обязательство default on не являться по вызову суда depend on зависеть от depend on надеяться на depend on находиться на иждивении depend on полагаться на depend on получать помощь от depend on рассчитывать на devolve on передавать полномочия on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере drawing on использование drawing on получение drawing on расходование elaborate on конкретизировать embark on начинать дело enlarge on вдаваться в подробности enlarge on распространяться exert influence on оказывать влияние на on указывает на отправную точку или момент: from this day on с этого дня I heard it on some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке; he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга the picture hangs on the wall картина висит на стене; he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке on указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к; he is getting on in years он стареет; he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать on указывает на: приближение (к какому-л. моменту) к; he is getting on in years он стареет; he is going on for thirty ему скоро исполнится тридцать on prep указывает на направление действия; передается дат. падежом: he turned his back on them он повернулся к ним спиной on prep указывает на цель, объект действия по, на; he went on business он отправился по делу the town lies on lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган; a house on the river дом у реки a joke on me шутка на мой счет; I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом I heard it on some air show я слышал это в (какой-то) радиопостановке; he borrowed money on his friend он занял деньги у своего друга impress on производить впечатление imprint on ставить печать interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on prep указывает на основание, причину, источник из, на, в, по, у; it is all clear on the evidence все ясно из показаний it is on for ten o'clock время приближается к десяти (часам) on разг. удачный, хороший; it is one of my on days я сегодня в хорошей форме a joke on me шутка на мой счет; I congratulate you on your success поздравляю вас с успехом on указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!; the light is on свет горит, включен on prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.); to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю; she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях to buy (smth.) on the cheap разг. купить по дешевке; to live on one's parents быть на иждивении родителей on указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет"; what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? maturing on выход в тираж maturing on наступление срока долгового обязательства maturing on наступление срока платежа maturing on наступление срока погашения my opinion on that question мое мнение по этому вопросу; a book on phonetics книга по фонетике neighbour on граничить on prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на; on a truck на грузовике; on a train в поезде on prep в пространственном значении указывает на способ передвижения в, на; on a truck на грузовике; on a train в поезде on and off (или off and on) время от времени, иногда; and so on и так далее on указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед; to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее; on and on не останавливаясь on prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в; on Tuesday во вторник; on another day в другой день on the 5th of December 5-го декабря; on Christmas eve в канун рождества on errand на посылках on errand по поручению on examining the box closer I found it empty внимательно осмотрев ящик, я убедился, что в нем ничего нет; payable on demand оплата по требованию on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже on good authority из достоверного источника; on that ground на этом основании interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on prep во временном значении указывает на последовательность, очередность наступления действий по, после; on my return I met many friends по возвращении я встретил много друзей on prep во временном значении указывает на одновременность действий во время, в течение; on my way home по пути домой on prep указывает на состояние, процесс, характер действия в, на; on fire в огне; the dog is on the chain собака на цепи; on sale в продаже sale: on on в продаже on good authority из достоверного источника; on that ground на этом основании on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on prep в (составе, числе); on the commission(delegation) в составе комиссии (делегации); on the jury в числе присяжных; on the list в списке on the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря; on time вовремя the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере the door opens on a lawn дверь выходит на лужайку; on the right направо; on the North на севере right: on правая сторона; on the right справа (где); to the right направо (куда) on the 5th of December 5-го декабря; on Christmas eve в канун рождества on the morning of the 5th of December утром 5-го декабря; on time вовремя time: to make on амер. ехать на определенной скорости; on time амер. точно, вовремя; at one time некогда on prep во временном значении указывает на определенный день недели, определенную дату, точный момент в; on Tuesday во вторник; on another day в другой день pass on передавать pass on переходить к другому вопросу pass: on on выносить (решение) on on передавать дальше on on переходить (к другому вопросу и т. п.) on on проходить дальше; pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! on on проходить дальше; pass on, please! проходите!, не останавливайтесь! on on умереть passing on передача passing on переход к другому вопросу the picture hangs on the wall картина висит на стене; he has a blister on the sole of his foot у него волдырь на пятке put on включать put on запускать put on прибавлять put on приводить в действие put on увеличивать put: on on надевать on on принимать вид; напускать на себя reckon on полагаться reckon on рассчитывать reflect on бросать тень reflect on быть во вред reflect on вызывать сомнения reflect: on размышлять, раздумывать (on, upon); reflect on, reflect upon бросать тень; подвергать сомнению rely on быть уверенным rely on доверять rely on надеяться rely on опираться rely on основываться rely on полагаться rely on рассчитывать secured on гарантированный secured on обеспеченный send on отправлять send on отсылать on указывает на движение дальше, далее, вперед; to send one's luggage on послать багаж вперед, заранее; on and on не останавливаясь sending on отправление on prep за (что-л.), на (что-л.); to live on 5 a week жить на 5 фунтов в неделю; she got it on good terms она получила это на выгодных условиях she had a green hat on на ней была зеленая шляпа she smiled on me она мне улыбнулась sign on нанимать на работу sign: on on вчт. войти on on вчт. входить on on радио дать знак начала передачи; sign up = sign on on on радио дать знак начала передачи; sign up = sign on on on нанимать(ся) на работу signing on возвращение на работу signing on прием на работу sit on заседать sit: on on быть членом (комиссии) on on разг. осадить; выбранить on on разбирать (дело) on up разг. (внезапно) заинтересоваться (тж. sit up and take notice); to make (smb.) sit up расшевелить, встряхнуть (кого-л.); sit upon = sit on stake on делать ставку take on браться за дело take on нанимать на службу take: on on брать (работу); браться (за дело и т. п.) on on важничать, задирать нос on on иметь успех, становиться популярным on on воен. открыть огонь on on полнеть on on принимать на службу on on разг. сильно волноваться, огорчаться, расстраиваться taken on нанятый taken on приглашенный на работу interest on capital процент на капитал; tax on imports налог на импорт; on high вверху, на высоте on указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти; go on! продолжай(те)!; there is a war on идет война they rose on their enemies они поднялись на своих врагов the town lies on lake Michigan город находится на озере Мичиган; a house on the river дом у реки trade on извлекать выгоду trade on использовать в личных целях on указывает на включение, соединение (об аппарате, механизме): turn on the gas! включи газ!; the light is on свет горит, включен verge on граничить с verge: on клониться, приближаться (to, towards - к чему-л.); verge on, verge upon граничить (с чем-л.); it verges on madness это граничит с безумием on указывает на: продолжение или развитие действия: to walk on продолжать идти; go on! продолжай(те)!; there is a war on идет война walk: on on театр. играть роль без слов on on идти вперед on on продолжать ходьбу on prep о, об, относительно, касательно, по; we talked on many subjects мы говорили о многом on указывает на наличие (какой-л.) одежды (на ком-л.): what had he on? во что он был одет? on указывает на идущие в театре (кинотеатре) пьесы (фильмы): Macbeth is on tonight сегодня идет "Макбет"; what is on in London this spring? какие пьесы идут этой весной в Лондоне? work on продолжать упорно работать work: on on = work upon on on продолжать работать

    English-Russian short dictionary > on

  • 17 turn

    tə:n
    1. verb
    1) (to (make something) move or go round; to revolve: The wheels turned; He turned the handle.) girar
    2) (to face or go in another direction: He turned and walked away; She turned towards him.) dar media vuelta, girarse
    3) (to change direction: The road turned to the left.) girar
    4) (to direct; to aim or point: He turned his attention to his work.) dirigir; desviar
    5) (to go round: They turned the corner.) doblar
    6) (to (cause something to) become or change to: You can't turn lead into gold; At what temperature does water turn into ice?) volverse, convertirse, transformarse
    7) (to (cause to) change colour to: Her hair turned white; The shock turned his hair white.) volverse

    2. noun
    1) (an act of turning: He gave the handle a turn.) giro
    2) (a winding or coil: There are eighty turns of wire on this aerial.) vuelta
    3) ((also turning) a point where one can change direction, eg where one road joins another: Take the third turn(ing) on/to the left.) curva, recodo
    4) (one's chance or duty (to do, have etc something shared by several people): It's your turn to choose a record; You'll have to wait your turn in the bathroom.) turno
    5) (one of a series of short circus or variety acts, or the person or persons who perform it: The show opened with a comedy turn.) número
    - turnover
    - turnstile
    - turntable
    - turn-up
    - by turns
    - do someone a good turn
    - do a good turn
    - in turn
    - by turns
    - out of turn
    - speak out of turn
    - take a turn for the better
    - worse
    - take turns
    - turn a blind eye
    - turn against
    - turn away
    - turn back
    - turn down
    - turn in
    - turn loose
    - turn off
    - turn on
    - turn out
    - turn over
    - turn up

    turn1 n
    1. turno
    2. calle
    turn2 vb
    1. girar / dar vueltas
    2. girar / torcer
    turn right at the traffic lights en el semáforo, gira a la derecha
    3. dar la vuelta
    4. pasar / volver
    5. volverse / darse la vuelta
    6. volverse / ponerse
    tr[tɜːn]
    2 (change of direction) giro, vuelta; (bend) curva, recodo
    3 (chance, go) turno
    whose turn is it? ¿a quién le toca?
    4 (change) cambio, giro
    5 (short walk) vuelta, paseo
    7 (act of kindness, favour) favor nombre masculino
    8 SMALLTHEATRE/SMALL (act) número
    1 (rotate) girar, hacer girar, dar la vuelta a
    2 (page) pasar, volver; (soil) revolver; (ankle) torcer
    3 (cause to change direction) girar, dar la vuelta a
    about turn! ¡media vuelta!
    4 (invert) darle la vuelta a
    5 (change) convertir, transformar, volver; (milk) agriar; (stomach) revolver
    it turned her into a different person la convirtió en una persona diferente, la convirtió en otra persona
    6 (pass) pasar
    it's turned twelve pasan de las doce, son más de las doce, son las doce pasadas
    7 (fold) doblar
    8 (shape) tornear, labrar en un torno
    1 (revolve) girar, dar vueltas
    2 (change direction - person) girarse, dar la vuelta, volverse; (- car) girar, torcer; (- plane, ship) virar; (- tide) repuntar
    3 (become) hacerse, ponerse, volverse; (milk) agriarse, cortarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at every turn a cada paso, a cada momento
    by turns / in turns por turnos, sucesivamente
    in turn a su vez, por su parte
    on the turn a punto de cambiar
    one good turn deserves another favor con favor se paga
    out of turn fuera de lugar
    to be badly turned out ir mal vestido,-a
    to be done to a turn / be cooked to a turn estar en su punto
    to be well turned out ir bien vestido,-a
    to do somebody a good turn hacerle un favor a alguien
    to do somebody a bad turn hacer un mala pasada a alguien
    to turn free dejar en libertad, soltar
    to turn somebody's head afectar mucho a alguien
    they turned the house inside out, but they couldn't find it revolvieron toda la casa, pero no lo encontraron
    turn of phrase manera de expresarse
    turn of the screw vuelta del tornillo
    turn ['tərn] vt
    1) : girar, voltear, volver
    to turn one's head: voltear la cabeza
    she turned her chair toward the fire: giró su asiento hacia la hoguera
    2) rotate: darle vuelta a, hacer girar
    turn the handle: dale vuelta a la manivela
    3) sprain, wrench: dislocar, torcer
    4) upset: revolver (el estómago)
    5) transform: convertir
    to turn water into wine: convertir el agua en vino
    6) shape: tornear (en carpintería)
    turn vi
    1) rotate: girar, dar vueltas
    2) : girar, doblar, dar una vuelta
    turn left: doble a la izquierda
    to turn around: dar la media vuelta
    3) become: hacerse, volverse, ponerse
    4) sour: agriarse, cortarse (dícese de la leche)
    5)
    to turn to : recurrir a
    they have no one to turn to: no tienen quien les ayude
    turn n
    1) : vuelta f, giro m
    a sudden turn: una vuelta repentina
    2) change: cambio m
    3) curve: curva f (en un camino)
    4) : turno m
    they're awaiting their turn: están esperando su turno
    whose turn is it?: ¿a quién le toca?
    v.
    tornear v. (sth.) up
    expr.
    descubrir (algo) v.
    v.
    cambiar v.
    dar vueltas a v.
    doblar v.
    girar v.
    recurrir v.
    torcer v.
    tornar v.
    virar v.
    volver v.
    n.
    cambio s.m.
    curva s.f.
    giro s.m.
    lance s.m.
    recodo s.m.
    retortero s.m.
    revuelto s.m.
    sesgo s.m.
    torneado s.m.
    torno s.m.
    turno s.m.
    vez s.f.
    viraje s.m.
    vuelta s.f.
    tɜːrn, tɜːn
    I
    1)
    a) ( rotation) vuelta f

    to a turn: the meat was done to a turn — la carne estaba hecha a la perfección, la carne estaba en su punto justo

    b) ( change of direction) vuelta f, giro m

    no left turnprohibido girar or doblar or torcer a la izquierda

    c) ( bend) curva f; ( turning)

    take the next left/right turn — tome or (esp Esp) coja or (esp AmL) agarre la próxima a la izquierda/derecha

    at every turn a cada paso, a cada momento

    d) (change, alteration)

    to take a turn for the better — empezar* a mejorar

    to take a turn for the worse — empeorar, ponerse* peor

    to be on the turn\<\<events/tide\>\> estar* cambiando; \<\<leaves\>\> estar* cambiando de color; \<\<milk/food\>\> (BrE) estar* echándose a perder

    2)

    whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

    to take turns o to take it in turn(s) — turnarse

    we'll take turns o we'll take it in turn(s) to do the cooking — nos vamos a turnar para cocinar, vamos a cocinar por turnos

    in turn: each in turn was asked the same question a cada uno de ellos se le hizo la misma pregunta; out of turn: she realized she'd spoken out of turn — se dio cuenta de que su comentario (or interrupción etc) había estado fuera de lugar

    3) ( service)

    to do somebody a good turn — hacerle* un favor a alguien

    4) (form, style)

    she has a logical/practical turn of mind — es muy lógica/práctica

    5)
    a) (bout of illness, disability)
    b) ( nervous shock) susto m
    6) ( act) (esp BrE) número m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( rotate) \<\<knob/handle/wheel\>\> (hacer*) girar
    b) (set, regulate)

    to turn something to something: turn the knob to `hot' ponga el indicador en `caliente'; he turned the oven to a lower temperature — bajó la temperatura del horno

    2)
    a) (change position, direction of) \<\<head\>\> volver*, voltear (AmL exc RPl)

    she turned her back on themles volvió or les dio la espalda, les volteó la espalda (AmL exc RPl)

    can you turn the TV this way a bit? — ¿puedes poner el televisor más para este lado?

    b) (direct, apply)

    to turn something to something: I turned my mind to more pleasant thoughts me puse a pensar en cosas más agradables; the administration has turned its efforts to... la administración ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a...; they turned the situation to their own profit — utilizaron la situación para su propio provecho; advantage b)

    3)
    a) ( reverse) \<\<mattress/omelette\>\> darle* la vuelta a, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<page\>\> pasar, volver*, dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<soil\>\> remover*, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS)

    he turned the card face downpuso or volvió la carta boca abajo

    b) ( upset)
    4)
    a) ( go around) \<\<corner\>\> dar* la vuelta a, dar* vuelta (CS)
    b) ( pass)
    5) ( send)

    I couldn't simply turn him from my door — no le podía negar ayuda, no le podía volver la espalda; loose I 2)

    6)
    a) (change, transform) volver*

    to turn something to/into something — transformar or convertir* algo en algo

    they've turned the place into a pigsty!han puesto la casa (or la habitación etc) como una pocilga!

    b) ( make sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriar
    c) ( confuse) \<\<mind\>\> trastornar
    7)
    a) ( shape - on lathe) tornear; (- on potter's wheel) hacer*
    b) ( formulate)
    8) ( make) \<\<profit\>\> sacar*

    2.
    vi
    1) ( rotate) \<\<handle/wheel\>\> girar, dar* vuelta(s)
    2)
    a) ( to face in different direction) \<\<person\>\> volverse*, darse* la vuelta, voltearse (AmL exc CS), darse* vuelta (CS); \<\<car\>\> dar* la vuelta, dar* vuelta (CS)

    she turned to me with a smile — me miró sonriéndome, se volvió hacia mí con una sonrisa

    he turned onto his sidese volvió or se puso de lado

    left/right turn! — (BrE Mil) media vuelta a la izquierda/derecha!

    b) (change course, direction)

    the army then turned north — entonces el ejército cambió de rumbo, dirigiéndose al norte

    to turn left/right — girar or doblar or torcer* a la izquierda/derecha

    c) ( curve) \<\<road/river\>\> torcer*
    3)
    a) ( focus on)

    to turn to another subject — pasar a otro tema, cambiar de tema

    b) (resort, have recourse to)

    to turn to violence/a friend — recurrir a la violencia/un amigo

    to turn to drink — darse* a la bebida

    to turn to somebody/something for something: she turned to her parents for support recurrió or acudió a sus padres en busca de apoyo; he turned to nature for inspiration — buscó inspiración en la naturaleza

    4)
    a) ( become)

    Ed Wright, naturalist turned politician — Ed Wright, naturalista convertido en or vuelto político

    to turn into something — convertirse* en algo

    water turns into steamel agua se convierte or se transforma en vapor

    to turn to something — (liter) convertirse* en algo

    c) ( change) \<\<luck/weather/tide\>\> cambiar
    d) ( change color) \<\<leaves\>\> cambiar de color
    e) ( go sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriarse

    turn to page 19 — abran el libro en la página 19, vayan a la página 19

    6) (AmE Busn) \<\<merchandise\>\> venderse
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [tɜːn]
    1. N
    1) (=rotation) vuelta f, revolución f; [of spiral] espira f

    with a quick turn of the handcon un movimiento rápido de la mano

    he gave the handle a turn — dio vuelta a la palanca

    to give a screw another turn — apretar un tornillo una vuelta más

    2) (Aut) (in road) vuelta f, curva f

    to do a left turn — (Aut) doblar or girar a la izquierda

    3) (Aut) (=turn-off) salida f
    4) (Naut) viraje m
    5) (Swimming) vuelta f
    6) (=change of direction)

    at the turn of the centurya finales del siglo

    at every turn — (fig) a cada paso

    to be on the turn, the tide is on the turn — la marea está cambiando

    turn of the tide — (lit, fig) cambio m or vuelta f de la marea

    things took a new turn — las cosas tomaron otro cariz or aspecto

    at the turn of the yeara fin de año

    7) (in series etc) turno m, vez f

    whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

    it's her turn next — le toca a ella después, ella es la primera en turno

    turn and turn about — cada uno por turno, ahora esto y luego aquello

    by turns — por turnos, sucesivamente

    to give up one's turn — ceder la vez

    in turn — por turnos, sucesivamente

    and they, in turn, said... — y ellos a su vez dijeron...

    to miss one's turn — perder la vez or el turno

    to go out of turn — (in game) jugar fuera de orden

    to speak out of turn — (fig) hablar fuera de lugar

    to take one's turn — llegarle (a algn) su turno

    to take turns at doing sthalternar or turnarse para hacer algo

    to wait one's turn — esperar (algn) su turno

    8) (=short walk) vuelta f
    9) (Med) (=fainting fit etc) vahído m, desmayo m; (=crisis) crisis f inv, ataque m
    10) * (=fright) susto m
    11) (esp Brit) (Theat) número m, turno m
    12) (=deed)

    to do sb a bad turn — hacer una mala pasada a algn

    to do sb a good turn — hacerle un favor a algn

    13) (Culin)
    14) (=inclination)

    an odd turn of minduna manera retorcida or (LAm) chueca de pensar

    to be of or have a scientific turn of mind — ser más dado a las ciencias

    15) (=expression)

    turn of phraseforma f de hablar, giro m

    2. VT
    1) (=rotate) [+ wheel, handle] girar, dar vueltas a; [+ screw] atornillar, destornillar

    you can turn it through 90° — se puede girarlo hasta 90 grados

    turn it to the left — dale una vuelta hacia la izquierda

    2) (also: turn over) [+ record, mattress, steak] dar la vuelta a, voltear (LAm); [+ page] pasar; [+ soil] revolver; [+ hay] volver al revés

    to turn one's ankletorcerse el tobillo

    to turn a dress inside out — volver un vestido del revés

    it turns my stomachme revuelve el estómago

    - turn the page
    3) (=direct) dirigir, volver

    they turned him against us — le pusieron en contra nuestra

    to turn one's attention to sth — concentrar su atención en algo

    to turn one's back on sb/sth — (also fig) volver or dar la espalda a algn/algo

    to turn one's eyes in sb's direction — volver la mirada hacia donde está algn

    to turn a gun on sb — apuntar una pistola a algn

    to turn one's headvolver la cabeza

    the fireman turned the hose on the building — el bombero dirigió la manguera hacia el edificio

    to turn the lights (down) low — poner la luz más baja

    to turn one's steps homeward — dirigirse a casa, volver los pasos hacia casa

    to turn one's thoughts to sth — concentrarse en algo

    - turn the other cheek

    to turn one's hand to sth —

    - turn sb's head: earning all that money has turned his/her head
    - turn the tables
    4) (=pass) doblar, dar la vuelta a

    it's turned four o'clockson las cuatro y pico or (esp LAm) las cuatro pasadas

    - have turned the corner
    5) (=change)

    the heat turned the walls black — el calor volvió negras las paredes, el calor ennegreció las paredes

    the shock turned her hair white — del susto, el pelo se le puso blanco

    his goal turned the game(Brit) su gol le dio un vuelco al partido

    to turn sth into sth — convertir algo en algo

    she turned her dreams to reality — hizo sus sueños realidad, realizó sus sueños

    6) (=deflect) [+ blow] desviar
    7) (=shape) [+ wood, metal] tornear
    well-turned
    8) (Culin)
    9)

    to turn a profit(esp US) sacar un beneficio, tener ganancias

    3. VI
    1) (=rotate) [wheel etc] girar, dar vueltas

    the object turned on a stand — el objeto giraba en un pedestal

    his stomach turned at the sight — al verlo se le revolvió el estómago, se le revolvieron las tripas al verlo *

    to turn in one's grave —

    toss 3., 1)
    2) (=change direction) [person] dar la vuelta, voltearse (LAm); [tide] repuntar

    to turn and go backvolverse or dar la vuelta y regresar

    right turn! — (Mil) derecha... ¡ar!

    the game turned after half-time(Brit) el partido dio un vuelco tras el descanso

    to turn against sb — volverse contra algn

    to turn for home — volver hacia casa

    farmers are turning from cows to pigs — los granjeros cambian de vacas a cerdos

    then our luck turned — luego mejoramos de suerte

    to turn to sb/sth, he turned to me and smiled — se volvió hacia mí y sonrió

    our thoughts turn to those who... — pensamos ahora en los que...

    he turned to drink — se dio a la bebida, le dio por el alcohol

    I don't know which way to turn — (fig) no sé qué hacer

    I don't know where to turn for money — no sé en qué parte ir a buscar dinero

    the wind has turned — el viento ha cambiado de dirección

    3) (Aut) torcer, girar; (Aer, Naut) virar

    to turn left — (Aut) torcer or girar or doblar a la izquierda

    the car turned into a lane — el coche se metió en una bocacalle

    to turn to port — (Naut) virar a babor

    4) (=change)

    to turn into sth — convertirse or transformarse en algo

    the princess turned into a toad — la princesa se transformó en sapo, la princesa quedó transformada en sapo

    the leaves were turning — se estaban descolorando or dorando las hojas

    the milk has turned — la leche se ha cortado

    it turned to stone — se convirtió en piedra

    his admiration turned to scornsu admiración se tornó or se transformó en desprecio

    to wait for the weather to turn — esperar a que cambie el tiempo

    5) (=become)

    the weather or it has turned cold — el tiempo se ha puesto frío, se ha echado el frío

    to turn nasty[person] ponerse or volverse antipático

    to turn redponerse rojo

    matters are turning seriouslas cosas se ponen graves

    6) (=depend)

    everything turns on his decision — todo depende de su decisión

    everything turns on whether... — todo depende de si...

    4.
    CPD

    turn signal N(US) (Aut) indicador m (de dirección)

    * * *
    [tɜːrn, tɜːn]
    I
    1)
    a) ( rotation) vuelta f

    to a turn: the meat was done to a turn — la carne estaba hecha a la perfección, la carne estaba en su punto justo

    b) ( change of direction) vuelta f, giro m

    no left turnprohibido girar or doblar or torcer a la izquierda

    c) ( bend) curva f; ( turning)

    take the next left/right turn — tome or (esp Esp) coja or (esp AmL) agarre la próxima a la izquierda/derecha

    at every turn a cada paso, a cada momento

    d) (change, alteration)

    to take a turn for the better — empezar* a mejorar

    to take a turn for the worse — empeorar, ponerse* peor

    to be on the turn\<\<events/tide\>\> estar* cambiando; \<\<leaves\>\> estar* cambiando de color; \<\<milk/food\>\> (BrE) estar* echándose a perder

    2)

    whose turn is it? — ¿a quién le toca?

    to take turns o to take it in turn(s) — turnarse

    we'll take turns o we'll take it in turn(s) to do the cooking — nos vamos a turnar para cocinar, vamos a cocinar por turnos

    in turn: each in turn was asked the same question a cada uno de ellos se le hizo la misma pregunta; out of turn: she realized she'd spoken out of turn — se dio cuenta de que su comentario (or interrupción etc) había estado fuera de lugar

    3) ( service)

    to do somebody a good turn — hacerle* un favor a alguien

    4) (form, style)

    she has a logical/practical turn of mind — es muy lógica/práctica

    5)
    a) (bout of illness, disability)
    b) ( nervous shock) susto m
    6) ( act) (esp BrE) número m

    II
    1.
    1)
    a) ( rotate) \<\<knob/handle/wheel\>\> (hacer*) girar
    b) (set, regulate)

    to turn something to something: turn the knob to `hot' ponga el indicador en `caliente'; he turned the oven to a lower temperature — bajó la temperatura del horno

    2)
    a) (change position, direction of) \<\<head\>\> volver*, voltear (AmL exc RPl)

    she turned her back on themles volvió or les dio la espalda, les volteó la espalda (AmL exc RPl)

    can you turn the TV this way a bit? — ¿puedes poner el televisor más para este lado?

    b) (direct, apply)

    to turn something to something: I turned my mind to more pleasant thoughts me puse a pensar en cosas más agradables; the administration has turned its efforts to... la administración ha dirigido sus esfuerzos a...; they turned the situation to their own profit — utilizaron la situación para su propio provecho; advantage b)

    3)
    a) ( reverse) \<\<mattress/omelette\>\> darle* la vuelta a, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<page\>\> pasar, volver*, dar* vuelta (CS); \<\<soil\>\> remover*, voltear (AmL exc CS), dar* vuelta (CS)

    he turned the card face downpuso or volvió la carta boca abajo

    b) ( upset)
    4)
    a) ( go around) \<\<corner\>\> dar* la vuelta a, dar* vuelta (CS)
    b) ( pass)
    5) ( send)

    I couldn't simply turn him from my door — no le podía negar ayuda, no le podía volver la espalda; loose I 2)

    6)
    a) (change, transform) volver*

    to turn something to/into something — transformar or convertir* algo en algo

    they've turned the place into a pigsty!han puesto la casa (or la habitación etc) como una pocilga!

    b) ( make sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriar
    c) ( confuse) \<\<mind\>\> trastornar
    7)
    a) ( shape - on lathe) tornear; (- on potter's wheel) hacer*
    b) ( formulate)
    8) ( make) \<\<profit\>\> sacar*

    2.
    vi
    1) ( rotate) \<\<handle/wheel\>\> girar, dar* vuelta(s)
    2)
    a) ( to face in different direction) \<\<person\>\> volverse*, darse* la vuelta, voltearse (AmL exc CS), darse* vuelta (CS); \<\<car\>\> dar* la vuelta, dar* vuelta (CS)

    she turned to me with a smile — me miró sonriéndome, se volvió hacia mí con una sonrisa

    he turned onto his sidese volvió or se puso de lado

    left/right turn! — (BrE Mil) media vuelta a la izquierda/derecha!

    b) (change course, direction)

    the army then turned north — entonces el ejército cambió de rumbo, dirigiéndose al norte

    to turn left/right — girar or doblar or torcer* a la izquierda/derecha

    c) ( curve) \<\<road/river\>\> torcer*
    3)
    a) ( focus on)

    to turn to another subject — pasar a otro tema, cambiar de tema

    b) (resort, have recourse to)

    to turn to violence/a friend — recurrir a la violencia/un amigo

    to turn to drink — darse* a la bebida

    to turn to somebody/something for something: she turned to her parents for support recurrió or acudió a sus padres en busca de apoyo; he turned to nature for inspiration — buscó inspiración en la naturaleza

    4)
    a) ( become)

    Ed Wright, naturalist turned politician — Ed Wright, naturalista convertido en or vuelto político

    to turn into something — convertirse* en algo

    water turns into steamel agua se convierte or se transforma en vapor

    to turn to something — (liter) convertirse* en algo

    c) ( change) \<\<luck/weather/tide\>\> cambiar
    d) ( change color) \<\<leaves\>\> cambiar de color
    e) ( go sour) \<\<milk\>\> agriarse

    turn to page 19 — abran el libro en la página 19, vayan a la página 19

    6) (AmE Busn) \<\<merchandise\>\> venderse
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > turn

  • 18 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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  • United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… …   Universalium

  • United Kingdom — a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: formerly comprising Great Britain and Ireland 1801 1922. 58,610,182; 94,242 sq. mi. (244,100 sq. km). Cap.: London. Abbr.: U.K. Official name, United Kingdom of Great… …   Universalium

  • Christian Doctrine —     Christian Doctrine     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Christian Doctrine     Taken in the sense of the act of teaching and the knowledge imparted by teaching , this term is synonymous with CATECHESIS and CATECHISM. Didaskalia, didache, in the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Social behaviour in animals — Introduction       actions of animals living in communities. Such behaviour may include the feeding of the young, the building of shelters, or the guarding of territory. General characteristics       Social behaviour (Social behaviour in animals) …   Universalium

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